Here it may receive another articulating bone or act to support brain structures. Examples include supraorbital foramen, infraorbital foramen, and mental foramen on the cranium.įossa - A shallow depression in the bone surface. Examples include superior and inferior orbital fissure.įoramen - A hole through which nerves and blood vessels pass. Examples can be seen in the facet joints of the vertebrae, which allow for flexion and extension of the spine.įissure - An open slit in a bone that usually houses nerves and blood vessels. The epiphysis is critical for bone growth because it sits adjacent to the physeal line, also known as the growth plate.įacet - A smooth, flat surface that forms a joint with another flat bone or another facet, together creating a gliding joint. It usually has a larger diameter than the shaft (diaphysis). Examples include the femoral medial and lateral epicondyles and humeral medial and lateral epicondyles.Įpiphysis - The articulating segment of a bone, usually at the bone's proximal and distal poles. The epicondyle attaches muscle and connective tissue to bone, providing support to this musculoskeletal system. Long bones, including the femur, humerus, and tibia, all have a shaft.Įpicondyle - A prominence that sits atop of a condyle. The iliac crest is found on the ilium.ĭiaphysis - Refers to the main part of the shaft of a long bone. Crests are often the sites where connective tissue attaches muscle to bone. Additionally, the occiput has an occipital condyle which articulates with atlas(C1) and accounts for approximately 25 degrees of cervical flexion and extension.Ĭrest - A raised or prominent part of the edge of a bone. Examples include the knee joint (hinge joint), formed by the femoral lateral and medial condyles, and the tibial lateral and medial condyles. ![]() It bears the brunt of the force exerted from the joint. Examples include the diaphysis or shaft of long bones like the femur and humerus.Ĭondyle - Refers to a large prominence, which often provides structural support to the overlying hyaline cartilage. ![]() Examples include the superior, inferior, and acromial angles of the scapula and the superior, inferior, lateral angles of the occiput.īody - This usually refers to the largest, most prominent segment of bone. Īngles - Sharp bony angulations that may serve as bony or soft tissue attachments but often are used for precise anatomical description. ![]() Understanding the importance of bone markings provides a new appreciation and understanding of bony anatomy and its functional relationships with soft tissues. The functionality of bone markings ranges from enabling joints to slide past each other or lock bones in place, providing structural support to muscle and connective tissue, and providing circumferential stabilization and protection to nerves, vessels, and connective tissue. Bone markings play an important role in human and animal anatomy and physiology. ![]() Although the untrained eye may overlook bone markings as contours of the bone, they are not as simple. They are used by clinicians and surgeons, especially orthopedists, radiologists, forensic scientists, detectives, osteologists, and anatomists. Bone markings are invaluable to the identification of individual bones and bony pieces and aid in the understanding of functional and evolutionary anatomy.
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